5 diopter patient regained normal sight distance, but with adding another convex lenses in 4 diopter he was able to read the script Diamond with 10 inches - The same reason explains to a large extent and confusion, noticed that any deal with these issues in the statistics, reflecting the frequency of occurrence of certain refractive errors Evidence given by history, against generally accepted theories are undeniable. "gothic font Since he was more familiar than others fonts, he found it less tiring for the eyes, Retinoskopiya in such moments of myopia are always shown in diopter 4 and above Some people can create up to three dioptres astigmatism (dioptres - is focusing power required for the attention of parallel beams in focus at a distance of 1 meter, or 39 - Retinoskop same You can use anytime and anywhere. If it comes to animals, it is often necessary retinoskop use at much greater distances Consequently, if a person provides a good vision with through concave, convex or astigmatic lenses, which means that he constantly maintains a degree of refractive errors, which other conditions not be maintained continuously. Correct holding retinoskopii means that retinoskop should not hold face-to closer than six feet. Somewhere in 9 cases out of 10 state obtained as a result vkapyvaniya atropine in the eye, consistent with the theory, which is based on its application However, if fellow Salvino Armati believe that he was the first who created these assistants of view, they should be released well pray for his sins Most Researchers found among infants Hypermetropia. Their vision might be a good morning and afternoon, or worse vice versa A patient with two dioptres of myopia can see twice as much, other than with the same refractive errors 20) - valid muscles of accommodation, And with retinoskopom relatively easy to determine his normal eyesight or whether it -------- * German Snell (1835-1908) - known Dutch ophthalmologist, Professor ophthalmology and director of the University of Utrecht Netherlands Eye hospitals Nevertheless, it is believed that gives atropine eyes rest, removing the burden from overstrain muscle. That was true for children and infants, it is equally true for adults all ages, If the tool is used at a distance of six feet [9] and shadow moving in the opposite direction to the movement of mirrors, the eye miopichesky. It pupil discarded in the light beam reflected from mirrors, Retinoskop can also be applied in many other adverse conditions - When a person is under the influence of ether or chloroform, or for some other reason flows into the unconscious situation, also appear or increase refractive errors. When treating amblyopia squint and I often used more than a year atropine eye at best to encourage the use ambliopicheskogo eyes, New source of news for people who are looking for Acyclovir pcx 20 Hypermetropia same time, it was impossible to prevent, when the eye apple stimulated by electric power without the use of similar atropine, leading to paralysis of muscles direct (see illustration) In order to exclude any possibility of hidden Hypermetropia in his left eye, which originally had a 6 dioptres, atropine and now have to apply it, and the use of atropine in the other eye was terminated The following are examples of many such stories of illness. The degree of deterioration of vision in such cases based on widely and ranged from 1 / 3 to 1 / 10 and less from the norm -

Familiar noises do not reduce vision, while unfamiliar always do " It seems, however, that state of the lens can be explained only Minor changes in the degree of refractive errors and only in the early years life, The truth about accommodation Figures my experiments have proved to me that the eye lens is not factor in the accommodation, People whose refraction normal when they bodrstvuyut, during sleep appears myopia, Hypermetropia or astigmatism, We have already said that vkapyvanie atropine in the eye is aimed at preventing accommodation by muscle paralysis, which is responsible for managing form lens. Still under the influence of atropine, with the pupil, extended until maximum, the eyes are now treated separately, I have never seen such a the child or the teacher who could look at the geographical map 24 with a certain distance, while not becoming short-sighted I understand that never taken into account that the results of such studies heavily dependent on the conditions in which they were conducted. Because the perception of form determined by the perception of color, it is clear that as a color or shape should be clearly visible with less points than without them In their studies I have seen many such cases, The light source can be located outside as a tool - the top or behind the patient - and its limits (using electric battery). Points always bring harm, large or small - There were other physiological symptoms 23 Use of atropine - It may vary also form anomalies - myopia becomes even Hypermetropia, and one Form astigmatism moves to another, It is also well known that astigmatism can reproduce at will Modern rules of visual acuity were offered to them, and his optotypes [11] have preimages those that currently used Coaching eye continued as before - When dealt an unexpected loud sound, all people see vaguely lse myopia, Atropine used during the year, expanded pupil again and again to the maximum, The amplitude changes that had been in the range of 20 to dioptres of myopia the normal value of refraction In some conditions it can last for only a few minutes, under other circumstances it could hinder student to see blackboards for days, weeks and even longer this time Previous methods, it would be impossible to obtain any information about refraction, for example, baseball player when he turns to the ball in moment when he hits on it, and at the moment after impact, This is confirmed by numerous studies the eyes of adults and children as a normal sighted, and with anomalies refraction, amblyopic eye may (with the obvious deterioration of the cause), as well as studies of adults with a remote eye because of cataract lens. 17 A boy was ten years Hypermetropia both eyes, 5 diopter Hypermetropia, but added 6 dioptres of accommodation, representing an amount of 8 - 5 diopter Hypermetropia, but added 6 dioptres of accommodation, amounting in total 10 By the clinical experiments, against the generally accepted theory accommodation, could include the removal and presbyopia (see Chapter 16). On the second day and found complex gipermetropichesky astigmatism, and the third - a complex miopichesky astigmatism

If the eye is focused on point, from where he inspected, inaccurately, the doctor also sees a dark shadow pupil edge It is believed that the eye has only limited ability to overcome this condition, The first survey showed a mixed state astigmatism. I used retinoskop day and night time, in moments when objects survey was calm and when they worry; when they tried to see something and when not to make such effort; lied when they told the truth and when, when eyelids were partially covered by closing of the pupil; when the pupil was expanded when he was narrowed to the size bulavochnoy heads when the eyes moved from side to side, top-down and on the other tracks. A secure online pharmacy offers Acyclovir. At school, they do not coping with school, because their vision is lost. What gives us glasses Florentiytsy most likely mistaken in the belief that the inventor lenses, habitually used today for correcting refractive errors, was their sograzhdanin Salvino Armati. Seen through a hole in a mirror or a doctor sees great smaller proportion of the pupil, filled with light, which is in the normal eye reddish-yellow colour (in colour retina), But it is inconceivable suggest that in this way can be obtained permanent positive effect and hard as stone that the lens can to succumb to any, even transitory impact By the end of this period (when the right eye was still under the influence of atropine) both eyes were able to read font diamant with 6 inches, with right eye has done in If anything, better than the left Gothic font blame when something that he supposedly leads to poor vision and creating imaginary "German" disease Since this theory is widely regarded as true, then not surprising to discover that the normal eye is committed mechanism, which is always in good working condition, The working hypothesis can not be recognized as true if it is not consistent with any fact Using the same retinoskopa refraction can be defined in fractions of a second. often the fault of any individual suffering from a temporary loss of vision With convex lens at 4 The reason is the ability tsiliarnoy muscle rested for a short time influence solidified lens. What this really provides such effect is allowed in Each textbook ophthalmology, and because atropine routinely used in selection of points, to exclude alleged 16 refraktivnoe lens impact on the state of the eye. Over 30 years studying refractive hit me a little bit of people who could save ideal, ie without any refractive errors, vision 22 more than a few minutes a row, even under the most favourable terms. While that they improved eyesight of some people and get rid of their pain and discomfort, for others they are merely additional anguish. With the best eye under the influence atropine, and the pupil, expanded 18 to the maximum, both eyes were treated for more than a year together, In all cases retinoskop showed that happens real accommodation, not implemented any of the fancy way, which is usually explained by this "inconvenient" phenomenon, and accurate fitting focus to the relevant distance - According to accepted theories, tsiliarnaya muscle This eye was to be at this time not only completely paralysed, but also be in a state of complete paralysis of the whole year With this vision left eye reading them without glasses, it was impossible because the degree Hypermetropia not changed This change takes place under the influence of muscle, located outside eyeball. Test table Snellena * and glass lenses can test apply only under certain conditions This conclusion is confirmed retinoskopom. However, if the vision seriously violated, then with goggles colors can be seen better than without them It would, of course, obvious injustice on the part of teachers and other swearing, or punish humiliate these children.

This has led me to a series of experiments, which I have already mentioned. Rural children in quiet schools may suffer poor vision during the long after the move to the bustling city The only result of such the situation should be expected degradation. Many children can read one verification table, having perfect eyesight, but could not see the other well - Children with normal eyes that can clearly read the small letters in a quarter of an inch with a height of ten feet, always have difficulty in reading unfamiliar records at the classroom blackboard, despite the fact that while the letters may have height of two inches Customary the theory of accommodation and causes of refractive errors from many otdelyvayutsya Fact superficial explanations. To check tables and lenses test findings should be made to patient on the basis of allegations that he sees, Even then I could reduce the high degree Myopia, but I wanted to be conservative and I distinguish between functional Myopia, which I was able to cure or reduce, and organic Myopia, which, taking into account the orthodox tradition, I have some being considered incurable - It can be observed in shops as they filmed glasses when want to pick any model clothes. The disappearance of astigmatism [6] or changing its nature represents a problem that will further go astray good. One man of eighty years with normal eyes and usually observed during normal eyesight deterioration of vision who lasted from a few minutes to half an hour or more. Unfamiliar map, or even any at all map gives the same effect. But if the child tries to German read the Latin script, he immediately becomes temporarily gipermetropicheskim. Moreover, when eyesight was prejudiced atropine, patients often succeeded in allowing just relax your eyes, read font diamant [12] (the smallest size normally used font, known now as a small printed font in 4 1 / 2 of paragraph [13] - as an example can see illustration on page 105) with 6 inches, Eventually, I undertook a series of experiments in front of people and animals Railway, air and sea disasters, deaths during military exercises, etc But know that atropinizatsiya sometimes causes myopia or Hypermetropia translates into myopia. Test table - a table, through which measured the severity Rights of view - Such changes observed in many other cases More of visual acuity is not a reliable indication of the state refraction. According theory, atropine should identify hidden in apparently normal Hypermetropia or clearly gipermetropicheskih eyes, provided of course that the patient is in this age when the lens is expected to still retains its elasticity, To determine the degree of deviation from the refraction rules correctly distinguish gipermetropichesky eye from normal or distinguish between different types of astigmatism, usually need to experiment with the lens, placed in front of the patient's eye In terms of physical or mental discomfort, such as pain, a cough, fever, discomfort due to heat or cold, depression, anger or excitement, in the normal eye always appear refractive errors, but eye, where they already exist, anomalies are increasing, This is the reason that people awake with eyes, tired more than in any Other times, and even with severe headaches. On the homeland of the invention many argue, but well aware that it was done in an earlier period than the one in Salvino Armati where he lived. 3 In patients with apparently normal eyes after gipermetropichesky growing use of atropine, a complex miopichesky or mixed astigmatism However, when we understand how the shape of an eyeball regulated outer muscles and how it instantly withdrawn their impact, it is easy to notice that no refraktivnoe state, normally it or not, can not be permanent The lowest prices – the highest quality.

When the eye sees some unknown object, always appears refractive errors. Maybe so, and that if they have any refractive errors in wakefulness time, they will increase during sleep - Regardless from what is familiar or unfamiliar man seen object, or rather it is not enough lighting, pleasant or unpleasant environment and even if there is stress or physical illness believed to normal eyes should always have a normal refraction and normal vision. With more than thirty experience clinical work, I have never watched case, contrary to assertion that the lens tsiliarnaya muscle and have nothing to do with accommodation and that changes in the form of an eyeball depend on 21 refractive errors, not constant. You can take the best - the eyes of the world and test them so that their owner will not be able recruited army. The Romans, at least, should be aware something about the art of additions forces eyes, You will notice that the color in this case less intense than when it looked naked eye. In fact, the facts do not correspond to such a view, and because they are convenient tsiliarnoy attributed to lack of muscle or, if such an explanation does not suits, generally ignored - I find it difficult to understand how this patient's muscle tsiliarnaya carried out accommodation, being under the influence of atropine year, and moreover in each eye separately. Often I saw refraktivnye changes to 6 or more times per second. Anyone who watched through a window into the street, knows that even the perception of flat glass worsens color and shape. The duration of the existence of such a state also varied Over time, I found that myopia and Hypermetropia, like astigmatism, can be reproduced at will, that is not linked with myopia Use eye for a short range, as we have long believed and on the effort to see distant objects that no refractive errors are not is a persistent condition; extent that low refraktivnyh anomalies can be eliminated, and higher - lowered. During a state of sleep refraktivnoe eyes often, if not always, happens with deviation from the norm. 14 miopicheskoe, gipermetropicheskoe or astigmatic at a time when the player is doing these movements. However refraktivnye anomalies in the eye, which granted himself, never not constant My own research shows that eye refraction babies constantly changing, In doing so, left (best) eyes had 3 diopter. With his I have examined through the eyes of tens of thousands of schoolchildren, hundreds of thoracic thousands of children and animals, including cats, dogs, rabbits, cows, birds, horses, turtles, reptiles and fish But these facts have led me to conclusions, and so slow that I myself now surprised by his own indecision, When viewing a thousand pairs of eyes in the New York hospital for treatment diseases of hearing and visual impairment, I have repeatedly pointed out instances where refractive errors either spontaneously changed its form, either completely disappeared - 2 - If refractive errors incurable, then they should not spontaneously disappear or change their form At the same time retinoskop can be used for all types of normal and abnormal states eye as a man and animals - After one day, people put glasses, the strength of their lenses in most cases should grow steadily, to maintain t. In astigmatism, the movement differently in different meridians (meridian is a projection of the plane, held the pole through the eyes, at its front part [10]. Some found they have myopia, Test table attached to the back cover of this books Of the several thousand students surveyed during the year, more half had normal eyes with ideal for some time eyesight, but none of them had perfect vision in each eye in throughout the day

37 inches [7]). The results of these experiments have convinced me as, and the other is that the lens is not a factor and that accommodation adjustment required to view at various distances, carried out in the eye just as in camera, ie by changing the length of body view, By the end of the year right eye vision was normal, but the severity of the left eye remains the same, just as it was initially, composing 20/200 without glasses to give. In trying to shed light on these problems, I surveyed tens of thousands of eyes, Font Diamant while 6 inches to read without glasses. By the end of this period, still under the influence of atropine, Such eyes were capable of a few hours or less read font diamant from six inches When, in this eye vkapyvali atropine, Hypermetropia increased to 4. Humans can not see through them if he does not have a degree of refractive errors, spectacles which should be corrected, For example, one child under check atropine within 4 days, starting from two hours after birth My clinical research on themselves themselves sufficient to demonstrate the truth of such allegations - Equally, if not more remarkable was the history of the disease six small girls, right (best) eye which had 2, 5, If instead of a flat mirror used concave, then described the movement will have the opposite direction - They also confirm the excellent results of experiments with atropine, which showed that the accommodation does not completely prevent and constantly, if not teflon atropine deep into the eye-socket so as to achieve skew muscles (see figure, p, For greater degrees of changes in refractive errors or those that occur after sorokapyatiletnego age, when the lens is considered more or less lost its elasticity, believable explanations not been found - Because of the volatility refractive eye many accidents happening cases If 13 shadow moving in the same direction as the mirror, the eye or gipermetropichesky or normal. Even the best of them 26 never improve the view to normal condition But in those cases, state-tenths to be gained from atropinizatsii, does not correspond to its theoretical basis, All these facts, however, completely consistent with the results of my experiments on animals and eye muscles Conduct research images reflected from various parts of eye apple The truth is a growing accumulation of facts - Pliny wrote that Neron to to watch the game in the Coliseum, used a concave gemstone tread for this purpose in the ring. Just half an hour his vision was normal as near as well as distance, The volatility of refraction The theory that refractive errors caused deformities eye apple, naturally leads to the conclusion that they represent constant state of refraction and that the normal - this is also something permanent condition Retinoskop is a tool designed to determine the refractive eyes Such facts I have seen long before experiments, mentioned in previous chapters, provided them with satisfying explanation - Nevertheless, despite this assumption astigmatism arises and disappears with the same ease, 11 that other refractive errors - Patients are not only read font diamant with their glasses to give a distance of 13, 10 and less inch (most difficult to read at very small distances), but one the patient could do so even without glasses. At the 19 Figure ris20

Otherwise site surveys will begin nervous, and refraction, for reasons that are will be said later, change that will not give the opportunity to conduct reliable survey Fourth day survey showed normal vision, and the next - myopia Their results fully data are consistent with my previous studies that did not allow me choice but to disprove the whole essence of the orthodox teachings accommodation and refractive errors Retinoskop applied when objects Survey rest and when they were in motion (and 15 Also, when I moved himself), at the moment of awakening and when covered The observations were carried out even when the objects were under study the influence of chloroform or ether Noise is also a frequent cause of deterioration of the normal eye. Many also could read some letters of the alphabet, but could not identify the others, the same size and with similar conditions. In both eyes was told vkapan atropine solution. In short, the definition of refraction through the test table or Lens test requires considerable time and may be made but only in certain conditions with the results, which do not always reliable A case in point, All people with refractive errors often during day and night there are moments when their vision becomes normal, but their myopia, astigmatism Hypermetropia or completely disappear. This state of the eye in most cases connected with asymmetric changing curvature cornea Shell eyes, leading to the failure to bring into focus the rays emanating from each point, The fact that the glasses should be of harm to eyes, it was clear from the facts given in the previous chapter, Under the influence of drugs has little return to Hypermetropia, but vision was normal again quickly and, although atropine used daily for more than a year, a pupil again and again extended until limit, font diamant read from a distance of 6 inches without glasses during the entire period. known all eye fatigue razglyadyvanii with paintings or other exhibits in the museum, 4. Instead, he finds "fun after a long monotonous reading Latin font, to return to our beloved Gothic - Having made such statements, I well understand that contested the sake of better the fate of mankind virtually indisputable teachings of ophthalmic science. 5 diopter of astigmatism, Many of them were described in the special literature and met me in carrying out their own observations. Gothic fonts or Greek or Chinese characters will have the same impact on the child and to any other person, accustomed to the Latin font, Women nadevshie glasses because of a slight deterioration view, often notice that their wearing of a greater or lesser extent leads to color blindness, They also sufficient to show how one can cause anomalies on request refraction and how they can be removed temporarily for a few minutes and forever after long-term care In other cases, the drug does not preclude accommodation or, in any event, change of refraction. Neither ignore them, nor complacent orthodox explanations, even in cases where such explanations were available, I could not. But the patient is often so Waving and troubled during the inspection that does not know what he sees as does not know to improve or worsen his vision goggles or not. This could prevent the early stages of presbyopia, and then for a short period of time, Nevertheless, This eye not only overcame 4 - This condition was observed and infants

When people on the streets Umma car or tram, it is often happens 25 because they suffer a temporary loss of vision, Equally, it was convincingly proved that the anomalies refraction, including presbyopia (seal lens tissue, leading to difficulties in accommodation 12 distant point near vision), are not related to any organic changes in the form of an eyeball or in the structure of the lens, with a functional disorder actions of muscles surrounding the eyeball, and consequently, can be resolved [8]. People over 70 years of age suffer a loss of varying extent and in such cases retinoskop always shows something refractive errors 5 Hypermetropia diopter, and another - 6 dioptres with one Hypermetropia dioptres astigmatism, According to the generally accepted theory, as I said, atropine paralyses tsiliarnuyu muscle and, thus preventing a change of curvature of the lens, prevents the implementation of accommodation. Meanwhile, my right eye treatment own methods, which will be described later. Definition of refraction through verification and test tables Snellena Lens takes considerable time (from minutes to hours) - According one theory, where the lens is considered a factor accommodation, such a change it would be simply impossible, Typically in such cases Sight eye, which is not treated specially, Upgrade some extent, along with the other eye sight, but in this case that has not happened. Each ophthalmologist knows from experience the existence of such cases. 5 diopter, Exposure to this state to such an extent often were all students of class In practice, however, flat mirror is used more often Thus, while the atropine, right eye not only overcame 2, Retinoskopiya Much of my information was received through the eyes retinoskopii, ie, a clinical survey retina. If, however, while noting any refractive errors, it can be fairly and accurately determine their degree of speed of the shadows - We can only ask those who adhered to generally accepted theories, such as the facts are consistent with them. A survey on the test table, in fact completely subjective, while conclusions on the basis retinoskopii, completely objective, nor in any way As statements do not depend on the patient Likewise, I have not found a single pair of eyes to the permanent or constant the value of refractive errors His little easier to apply if muted lighting, rather than bright light, but in principle they can use in any light, even in the bright light of the sun beating directly in the eye I thought that if an allegation is true, it must always remain so. People older than 70 years, when the lens, is expected to be tight as a stone (as in cases with early stage cataracts, when the lens as cruel) as atropine can cause Myopia, and Hypermetropia In the case of this movement Hypermetropia more pronounced than the normal eye, and usually specialist can discern both the state of nature, only one traffic shadows. Professor Herman Kohn of Breslau rejected the idea that the Gothic font tiring for the eyes While pupils expanded to the maximum What the rest improves vision in the eye presbyopia, and it was noted by other doctors The unexpected outbreak of light, rapid or unexpected change of lighting should most likely lead to a deterioration of the normal eye, which in some cases lasts for weeks and months (see Chapter 16) That way I was able to locate many previously unknown facts which was absolutely impossible to bring into line with accepted attitudes in this field study, Experience shows that usually and happening - Behavior that shadow when the mirror is moved to various directions, and it is something that shows us refraktivnoe eye condition 5 diopter, but declined to 20/200 vision (200/200 - is the norm; numerator fractions - is the distance from which the patient was able to see the letter to the test table, and the denominator - the distance from which he was to see her, if it was normal vision), In that points of view can not improve until the normal condition, easy to verify by looking at a piece of color through a strong concave or convex lens 5 diopter, Results correctly held retinoskopii always depend on the state of Refractive eye. There can be no exceptions The more I accumulate facts, the harder it becomes to align them with generally accepted beliefs,